Charles stuart australian dictionary biography of martin

Educated at a boarding school at Hastings, Charles started work as a junior clerk at He later received doctorates of science from London and Melbourne, and several honorary degrees. That year Martin was appointed demonstrator in physiology at the University of Sydney where he became an intimate friend of James Wilson , professor of anatomy.

Martin did impressive work on snake venom, especially that of the black snake, for which he was awarded the medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales and in a fellowship of the Royal Society, London. He also studied monotremes and marsupials and in published the first paper on their internal heat regulation and respiratory physiology. From Martin was lecturer in physiology at the University of Melbourne, raised to the title but not the full salary of acting professor in Pragmatic and imaginative, he made much of his own apparatus, always using precise research methods.

Australia suited Martin profoundly: the people, climate, freedom from constraint and the camaraderie of young scientists channelling new grooves. But because his wife was homesick he returned to London as director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine In he was also appointed professor of experimental pathology at the University of London.

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James Raven. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography R. James Long. Let us celebrate the birth of a giant? The Canadian welcomes the reader to a place where? The American presents those? The Irish sees itself as being? Indeed, the scholar of the Anglophone world is blessed by this type of resource. Many of them are wikis, most prominently Wikipedia [13], a source certainly not disparaged by this reviewer, but one for another review.

Gillard was only partly correct about the uniqueness of such an undertaking. In a model it was to retain, New Zealand incorporated biography in the Encyclopaedia of New Zealand [19] The new versions, with the exception of the New Zealand, still originated in printed form. The Australian was born in , a national, co-operative enterprise, funded and maintained by ANU.

The first volumes of both the Australian and the Canadian were published in The American online is entirely new and recent , as is the Irish The New Zealand is part of Te ara in M? It is the closest to an official publication, being funded by and overtly linked to the Ministry for Culture and Heritage [21]. This is doubtless the main reason the New Zealand looks so good the funding appears generous and is so culturally sensitive not just?

Is Not M? It amounts to a national portal, and demonstrates more than any other reviewed here the nearest equivalent being the now-defunct Australian Biography [22] how national biography can be positioned to reflect and disseminate the collective national experience. The dictionaries? The ADB does not pretend to be setting up a pantheon of immortals?

The ADB prides itself on its blend of elitism and egalitarianism?. In the Australian print and online entries are identical, and only factual errors are corrected. The Canadian is, essentially, an online reproduction of the print version, republished on CD ROM in how limited that medium now appears, though it did not at the time , but there is a pledge that it will be?

The Irish is closely connected to the nine-volume hard copy indeed links to explanatory and supplementary material produce PDFs of the printed version , whereas the? The websites vary, from the Irish being the most aesthetically appealing and the Canadian the least, and the New Zealand appearing the most?

Charles stuart australian dictionary biography of martin

The Australian has limited functionality: indexing but no hyperlinks, except to the other subjects of an author. The Canadian is a little better, with only name and subject links, though the functionality is better than that of the Australian, if not the American. In the New Zealand, biographies are cross-referenced with links between the dictionary and the encyclopaedia as well as galleries with embedded video; the lives themselves are however often little more than sub-headed paragraph after sub-headed paragraph, not unlike their wiki equivalents.

The Irish, superficially a modern interface, links those qv, but nothing else: no links, or clickable headings to navigate longer entries, as do the New Zealand and the? There are no illustrations of any kind; it is print uploaded online. It is also the largest and most extensive, and the only one largely to have been rewritten for the digital age.

These are not coincidences. All were established and are operated under academic auspices. The American, Australian,? This is significant, because the value of the individual and collective biographies in guides of this kind depends on the author. The reader is less able to exert the usual scrutiny warranted by the potential purchase or directed reading of a published biography: he or she is in the hands of whomever the editor has chosen to write the life in that particular dictionary.

Here again there is great diversity. The New Zealand accepts and encourages contributions to the public, as perhaps befits so civic a mission, and even though inclusion is not guaranteed, the information submitted will be retained in a biographical database for the benefit of posterity. Given that entries are usually relatively short? In addition to the two general editors, the Irish has an editorial board of four senior academics.

For the Canadian there are two editorial teams, in Toronto and Quebec City, which? Most authors work?