History of shaheed bhagat singh in english

Bhagat and Dutt were jailed. The trial for Delhi Assembly Bomb case began on 7 May. The lawyer Asaf Ali defended Dutt. Bhagat defended himself. On 12 June, both were sentenced to life imprisonment for: "causing explosions of a nature likely to endanger life, unlawfully and maliciously". In the Court hearings, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt made a statement to clarify their motives for bombing and about the repressive action of government against the labourers and farmers of the country:.

Today there is no hope for labour. We have been ruminating upon all these matters as also upon the wholesale arrests of the leaders of the labour movement. When the introduction of the Trade Disputes Bill brought us into the Assembly to watch its progress, the course of the debate only served to confirm our conviction that the labouring millions of India had nothing to expect from an institution that stood as a menacing monument to the strangling of the exploiters and the serfdom of the helpless labourers.

The next day, the police came to know about his involvement in the murder of ASP Saunders. They police took him to Mianwali jail. Bhagat got to know that the English prisoners and thieves were treated with dignity and were given healthy food but Indian prisoners weren't. He and other revolutionaries began a hunger strike which lasted from 15 June to 5 October The demands were refused many times by the jail authorities.

The police tried to get the prisoners to break their hunger strike. Jawaharlal Nehru and Muhammad Ali Jinnah supported the hunger strike. It got popular support. There were 14 accused. Jatin Das who had begun his hunger strike 28 days after Bhagat, died on 13 September due to weakness. Thousands of people attended his funeral procession in Lahore and felt proud for the brave revolutionary Jatin Das.

He was cremated at Calcutta on 16 September. On 5 October the Jail authorities agreed to the prisoners' demands and they ended their hunger strike. Rajguru was arrested at a motor garage in Pune on 30 September and was presented in the court hearing on 18 October. The Conspiracy Case trials went on with no decision for months. On 21 October , as Jaigopal spoke the truth a revolutionary Prem Dutt became so angry he insulted him and threw his shoes towards him.

Jaigopal fainted and collapsed in the witness box. Prem Dutt was handcuffed but the revolutionaries protested so Magistrate Rai Saheb ordered all of them to be handcuffed. They refused to cooperate. The police then started to beat them and forced them to be handcuffed. They were badly wounded. Many had to be taken away from the court on stretchers.

To speed up the slow-moving trial, Lord Irwin declared an emergency on 1 May The arrested people were to go to trial by the special tribunal appointed by the Viceroy on 30 April. The tribunal consisted three senior judges — Justice Coldstream , Justice G. Hilton and Justice Agha Hyder. The trials of the special tribunal began on 5 May at the court of special magistrate in Poonch House.

The location had been shifted from the Lahore Jail. On 12 May, the revolutionaries were again harshly beaten with sticks and were dragged to the court for trial. The revolutionaries boycotted the trials from that day on and did not present themselves in the court. They demanded that Justice G. Hilton be removed and an Indian judge preside the case.

But the government refused. In June, they removed Justice Agha Hyder who had tried to stop the police from beating the revolutionaries as he had sympathy for them and presiding judge Justice Coldstream and made Justice G. The trials continued in the absence of the accused.

History of shaheed bhagat singh in english

The testimonies were utilised as prime evidence against the accused and were thus used to give the judgement in the case. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were ordered to be hanged on 27 October at 8 am, but the sentence was delayed. Finally the date was decided as 24 March Many nationalist leaders appealed to the government to reduce the punishment, including Madan Mohan Malaviya , Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Subhash Chandra Bose who had positive views about the revolutionaries.

Mahatma Gandhi asked the Viceroy Lord Irwin to revoke the death sentence of the three revolutionaries but he refused to do so. The families of the three were not allowed to meet them on 23 March. The father of Bhagat, Kishan Singh with his wife waited outside for a long a time to get a last glimpse of their son but even they were denied.

At pm, the Jailor P. Chopra arrived with other officers to take them to the gallows. At that time, Bhagat was reading the biography of Russian communist leader Vladimir Lenin. He called out to Bhagat to get ready as they were getting late. He replied 'wait a minute, one revolutionary is meeting the other'. He read for a few minutes and came out of the cell.

While going towards the gallows, Bhagat, Sukhdev and Rajguru weren't even slightly afraid. Jail warden Chhatar Singh was also present. Bhagat said to Lane Roberts 'Sir, today you will see how bravely the great sons of India embrace death'. So at pm, the three were hanged till death by the Lahore Central Jail authorities. After hanging, their bodies were carried away secretly to Ferozepore through the backdoor of the jail.

Late at night, the authorities reached the Sutlej river banks at Ferozepore where they burnt the three bodies. Subscribe to our Newsletter. Explore Hindi Medium Blogs. Explore English Medium Blogs. It is said that when Bhagat Singh was born, his father and two uncles were behind bars for taking part in the agitation around the Canal Colonization Bill in After studying in a village school for a couple of years, he attended an Anglo-Vedic school in Lahore , operated by Arya Samaj.

He visited the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre hours after thousands of unarmed demonstrators were killed by General Dyer. Simon Commission was established by the British Government to report the political situation in India. On 30 October , the Commission visited Lahore. Lala Lajpat Rai led a silent march against it. In a bid to disperse the demonstrators, the Superintendent of Police, James A.

Scott, ordered a lathi charge in which Rai was grievously injured. Rai died of a heart attack on 17 November Soon after this, a massive search operation was launched and Bhagat Singh had to flee from Lahore, and shave his head and beard to avoid recognition. He became a symbol, the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name.

The prosecution depended mainly on the evidence of P. On 10 July , the tribunal decided to press charges against only 15 of the 18 accused and allowed their petitions to be taken up for hearing the next day. The trial ended on 30 September The ordinance and the tribunal would lapse on 31 October as it had not been passed by the Central Assembly or the British Parliament.

On 7 October , the tribunal delivered its page judgement based on all the evidence and concluded that the participation of Singh, Sukhdev , and Shivaram Rajguru in Saunder's murder was proven. They were sentenced to death by hanging. In Punjab province , a defence committee drew up a plan to appeal to the Privy Council. Singh was initially against the appeal but later agreed to it in the hope that the appeal would popularise the HSRA in Britain.

The appellants claimed that the ordinance which created the tribunal was invalid while the government countered that the Viceroy was completely empowered to create such a tribunal. The appeal was dismissed by Judge Viscount Dunedin. After the rejection of the appeal to the Privy Council, Congress party president Madan Mohan Malaviya filed a mercy appeal before Irwin on 14 February While returning Gandhiji asked me if he could talk about the case of Bhagat Singh because newspapers had come out with the news of his slated hanging on March 24th.

It would be a very unfortunate day because on that day the new president of the Congress had to reach Karachi and there would be a lot of hot discussion. I explained to him that I had given a very careful thought to it but I did not find any basis to convince myself to commute the sentence. It appeared he found my reasoning weighty.

The Communist Party of Great Britain expressed its reaction to the case:. The history of this case, of which we do not come across any example in relation to the political cases, reflects the symptoms of callousness and cruelty which is the outcome of bloated desire of the imperialist government of Britain so that fear can be instilled in the hearts of the repressed people.

Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death in the Lahore conspiracy case and ordered to be hanged on 24 March It is reported that no magistrate at the time was willing to supervise Singh's hanging as was required by law. The execution was supervised instead by an honorary judge named Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri , who also signed the three death warrants, as their original warrants had expired.

Singh's trial has been described by the Supreme Court as "contrary to the fundamental doctrine of criminal jurisprudence" because there was no opportunity for the accused to defend themselves. The executions were reported widely by the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the Congress party at Karachi.

A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins. Hartals and strikes of mourning were called. While dissociating itself from and disapproving of political violence in any shape or form, this Congress places on record its admiration of the bravery and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev and Raj Guru and mourns with their bereaved families the loss of these lives.

The Congress is of the opinion that their triple execution was an act of wanton vengeance and a deliberate flouting of the unanimous demand of the nation for commutation. This Congress is further of the opinion that the [British] Government lost a golden opportunity for promoting good-will between the two nations, admittedly held to be crucial at this juncture, and for winning over to methods of peace a party which, driven to despair, resorts to political violence.

Bhagat Singh and his two associates have been hanged. The Congress made many attempts to save their lives and the Government entertained many hopes of it, but all has been in a vain. Bhagat Singh did not wish to live. He refused to apologise, or even file an appeal. Bhagat Singh was not a devotee of non-violence, but he did not subscribe to the religion of violence.

He took to violence due to helplessness and to defend his homeland. In his last letter, Bhagat Singh wrote, " I have been arrested while waging a war. For me there can be no gallows. Put me into the mouth of a cannon and blow me off. Let us bow to them a thousand times for their heroism. But we should not imitate their act. In our land of millions of destitute and crippled people, if we take to the practice of seeking justice through murder, there will be a terrifying situation.

Our poor people will become victims of our atrocities. By making a dharma of violence, we shall be reaping the fruit of our own actions. Hence, though we praise the courage of these brave men, we should never countenance their activities. Our dharma is to swallow our anger, abide by the discipline of non-violence and carry out our duty.

On 23 March, Mahatama Gandhi had written a letter to viceroy appealing for commutation for the death sentences against Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru. He also stated that he was opposed to Singh's execution and for that matter, capital punishment in general and proclaimed that he had no power to stop it. However, there are some rights which do credit to those who possess them only if they are enjoyed in name only.

God alone can take life, because he alone gives it. In a letter to the Viceroy on the day of their execution, he pleaded fervently for commutation, not knowing that the letter would arrive too late. As I listened to Mr. Gandhi putting the case for commutation before me, I reflected first on what significance it surely was that the apostle of non-violence should so earnestly be pleading the cause of the devotees of a creed so fundamentally opposed to his own, but I should regard it as wholly wrong to allow my judgement to be influenced by purely political considerations.

I could not imagine a case in which under the law, penalty had been more directly deserved. Bhagat was also inspired by Bhai Parmanand , another founding-member of the Ghadar Party. From May to September , Singh published a series of articles on anarchism in Kirti. He was concerned that the public misunderstood the concept of anarchism, writing that: "The people are scared of the word anarchism.

The word anarchism has been abused so much that even in India revolutionaries have been called anarchist to make them unpopular. He went on to say: "I think in India the idea of universal brotherhood, the Sanskrit sentence Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam etc. The ultimate goal of Anarchism is complete independence, according to which no one will be obsessed with God or religion, nor will anybody be crazy for money or other worldly desires.

There will be no chains on the body or control by the state. This means that they want to eliminate: the Church, God and Religion; the state; Private property. The telegram stated:. On Lenin day we send harty greetings to all who are doing something for carrying forward the ideas of the great Lenin. We wish success to the great experiment Russia is carrying out.

We join our voice to that of the international working class movement. The proletariat will win. Capitalism will be defeated. Death to Imperialism. Historian K. Panikkar described Singh as one of the early Marxists in India. In his prison notebooks, he quoted Lenin in reference to imperialism and capitalism and also the revolutionary thoughts of Trotsky.

Singh began to question religious ideologies after witnessing the Hindu—Muslim riots that broke out after Gandhi disbanded the Non-Cooperation Movement. He did not understand how members of these two groups, initially united in fighting against the British, could be at each other's throats because of their religious differences. He also took an interest in Soham Swami 's book Common Sense.

While in prison in —31, Bhagat Singh was approached by Randhir Singh , a fellow inmate, and a Sikh leader who would later found the Akhand Kirtani Jatha. According to Bhagat Singh's close associate Shiva Verma, who later compiled and edited his writings, Randhir Singh tried to convince Bhagat Singh of the existence of God, and upon failing berated him: "You are giddy with fame and have developed an ego that is standing like a black curtain between you and God".

In the essay, he defended his own beliefs and said that he used to be a firm believer in the Almighty, but could not bring himself to believe the myths and beliefs that others held close to their hearts. As regard the origin of God, my thought is that man created God in his imagination when he realised his weaknesses, limitations and shortcomings.

In this way he got the courage to face all the trying circumstances and to meet all dangers that might occur in his life and also to restrain his outbursts in prosperity and affluence. God, with his whimsical laws and parental generosity was painted with variegated colours of imagination. He was used as a deterrent factor when his fury and his laws were repeatedly propagated so that man might not become a danger to society.

He was the cry of the distressed soul for he was believed to stand as father and mother, sister and brother, brother and friend when in time of distress a man was left alone and helpless. He was Almighty and could do anything. The idea of God is helpful to a man in distress. Let us see how steadfast I am. One of my friends asked me to pray.

When informed of my atheism, he said, "When your last days come, you will begin to believe. I consider it to be an act of degradation and demoralisation.